The bureaucracy in insurance and providers is overwhelming. The article in the OP reminded me...this is going back to the late '80s - early '90s...
Back in the dark ages of AI, I co-designed an AI system for health care claims processing for a large insurance company; shortly after that I designed and programmed a neural network (AI) system to detect fraudulent claims at another insurance company; and at the second company, I designed and programmed another AI system to look at the procedure codes in claims to determine if they were correct, accurate and if they used "bundling/unbundling" - which would change the fees and reimbursement for the procedure....for example, a procedure could have multiple codes that would be used in different situations, such as planned surgery vs emergency surgery...for the same procedure, would have different codes...
On the provider side, there were AI systems that would help them bundle/unbundle procedure codes on the insurance claim to maximize what they were paid.
It was an arms race. From the AI systems I created for the insurance company, we could identify claims that had a probability of being fraudulent; and we could assess the procedure codes to see if they were correct, there were many others that I forget...but the goal was to deny claims or reduce the amount paid for claims, and do it within the contract terms and the applicable laws.
just sayin'