Probably years. I wouldn't leave an amp untouched for 10 - 20 years for example. I think as long as you plug an amp in at least once or twice a year you are good to go, but then what do I know???
If you look at the caps and don’t notice any bulging, leaking and the amp sounds great like it should, you are probably fine. If they look ok and the amp sounds thin, they probably need changing(if the tubes aren’t the issue).
The safest way to turn up an amp that hasn’t been touched in years is to use an variac and slowly turn up the voltage. Watch for cap bulging and bad smell when the caps are recharged.
The correct answer hasn’t been mentioned yet…. It’s based on the peak to peak ripple on top of the Rectified voltage. Yes you also inspect for the physical buldging of the caps as they warm up but caps don’t operate on looks alone. Ripple is a specification of tolerance and cap health. You also have to disconnect one leg of each cap and measure the ESR or discharge time. Bad caps have horrible discharge time constants.
If the amp sounds weird when you turn it on, it’s been too long. I known I have too many amps now as I often think..I should fire those two up for the caps…lol.. I wonder if I’ll still buy more amps?…. ?